The US Supreme Court has granted certiorari in three cases relating to the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit’s controversial October 2019 decision in Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc. In Arthrex, the Federal Circuit held that the statutory scheme governing administrative patent judges (APJs) of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) is in violation of the Appointments Clause of the US Constitution. The Supreme Court consolidated the three cases and agreed to consider two of the three questions set forth in a July 22, 2020 memorandum of the United States: (1) whether APJs are properly appointed, and (2) if they are not properly appointed, whether removing employment protections corrects the defect.
On October 31, 2019, the Federal Circuit shook up the patent world when it issued its opinion in Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc. holding that the appointment of APJs to the PTAB is unconstitutional.[1] The Federal Circuit analyzed whether APJs are considered “principal officers,” who must be confirmed by the US Senate, or “inferior officers,” who need not be confirmed under the Appointments Clause of Article II of the US Constitution.[2] Ultimately, the Federal Circuit assessed three factors pertaining to the power of APJs versus that of the appointed officials who direct them: (1) how APJs’ work is reviewed, (2) how APJs are otherwise supervised, and (3) how APJs can be removed from office.[3]
The Federal Circuit determined that the first factor regarding review of APJs’ work and the third factor regarding removal of APJs both weighed in favor of categorizing the APJs as principal officers, while the second factor regarding supervision of the APJs weighed in favor of them being inferior officers.[4] Thus, on balance, the Federal Circuit held that APJs qualify as principal officers, and their appointment violates the Appointments Clause of the US Constitution.[5]
Despite this holding, the Federal Circuit declined to take the drastic step of invalidating the entirety of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA).[6] Instead, the court severed the portion of the statute providing removal protections to APJs.[7] By doing so, the court held that APJs are “inferior officers,” and thus can continue performing their role without violating the Appointments Clause.[8]
As a result of the Arthrex decision, the Federal Circuit vacated more than 100 PTAB decisions and remanded the cases back to the PTAB for further proceedings to be conducted before newly designated APJ panels. These remanded cases were limited to those with PTAB decisions that predated the Arthrex decision and where the Appointments Clause challenge was properly preserved by the parties raising it before or in opening briefs.
Included in this list of cases was the Federal Circuit’s January 31, 2020, nonprecedential opinion in Polaris Innovations Ltd. v. Kingston Technology Co., Inc. In Polaris, the Federal Circuit issued a short decision vacating the PTAB’s determination and remanding the case back to the PTAB in view of Arthrex.[9] Notably, Judge Hughes, joined by Judge Wallach, included a separate concurring opinion criticizing the decision in Arthrex, including arguing that (1) APJs are inferior officers, and (2) the remedy of Arthrex is potentially inconsistent with congressional intent.[10]
Despite the apparent divide among some members of the Federal Circuit, the Arthrex parties’ petition for rehearing en banc was denied on March 23, 2020.[11] In the concurrence opinion authored by Judge Moore, and joined by Judges O’Malley, Reyna, and Chen, Judge Moore noted that “[b]ecause the APJs were constitutionally appointed as of the implementation of the severance, inter partes review decisions going forward were no longer rendered by unconstitutional panels.”[12] Thus, Arthrex’s impact was deemed limited to those PTAB decisions that issued pre-Arthrex.
This denial for rehearing en banc and the Arthrex-related remand of more than 100 PTAB final written decisions prompted the chief APJ to issue a general order on May 1, 2020, holding all cases remanded in light of Arthrex “in administrative abeyance until the Supreme Court acts on a petition for certiorari or the time for filing such petitions expires.”[13] The chief APJ noted that such action was “[t]o avoid burdening the [US Patent and Trademark] Office and the parties until all appellate rights have been exhausted.”[14]
Arthrex, Smith & Nephew, and the US government each filed separate petitions for writ of certiorari asking the Supreme Court to review the Federal Circuit’s holdings in Arthrex. On June 25, 2020, the government filed its petition, which asked the Supreme Court to consider (1) whether APJs at the PTAB are principal officers or inferior officers, and (2) whether the court erred by reaching the Appointments Clause issue because the issue was forfeited by not being raised before the PTAB.[15] The government’s petition also requested that the Court review the Federal Circuit’s decision in Polaris since it also addresses the Appointments Clause issue.[16]
Smith & Nephew followed a few days later with its petition on June 29, which also asked the Supreme Court to review the Arthrex decision and consider whether APJs are principal officers or inferior officers under the Appointments Clause.[17] Arthrex then filed its petition on June 30, which agreed with the Federal Circuit’s decision in Arthrex that APJs are principal officers, not inferior officers, but took issue with the court’s proposed severance remedy.[18] In its petition, Arthrex asked the Supreme Court to consider whether the severance remedy is (1) consistent with congressional intent and (2) sufficient to render APJs inferior officers.
On June 30, Polaris also filed its petition asking the Supreme Court to review the Federal Circuit’s holding in Polaris and consider (1) whether severance of the tenure protections of the APJs was unavailable to the Arthrex court to remedy the violation of the Appointments Clause because Congress would have maintained such protection for APJs, and (2) whether the Arthrex decision’s removal of APJ tenure protections is insufficient to cure the Appointments Clause violation.[19]
The United States filed a memorandum on July 22 requesting that if the Court grants its petition, it also grant the petitions filed by all of the private parties, including Polaris; consolidate the cases; and direct the parties to address a common set of questions:
On October 13, 2020, the Supreme Court granted certiorari for the petitions filed by the US government, Smith & Nephew, and Arthrex; consolidated the three cases; and limited the questions it would address to the first two questions from the government’s July 22 memorandum, set forth above. Despite Polaris’s petition being listed as linked with these other three petitions on the Court’s website, and its overlapping issues with the Arthex-related petitions, the Supreme Court declined to consolidate it with the other three petitions. Instead, the Polaris petition remains pending before the Court.
Due to the practical and legal significance of the Federal Circuit’s Arthrex decision, culminating in the administrative abeyance of all cases remanded under Arthrex, the grant of certiorari should not be surprising to most patent practitioners. If the Supreme Court ultimately finds that APJs are constitutionally appointed or finds the Federal Circuit’s remedy is sufficient to resolve any constitutional concerns, then the impact of the ruling should be rather narrow and affect only those cases currently held in administrative abeyance. However, should the Court hold that APJs are not constitutionally appointed and no remedy exists, short of congressional intervention, the impact of this decision could potentially be widespread—and open a floodgate of challenges to the constitutionality of any decisions issued by the PTAB.
If you have any questions or would like more information on the issues discussed in this LawFlash, please contact the authors, Dion M. Bregman (Silicon Valley) and Maria E. Doukas (Chicago), or any of the following lawyers from Morgan Lewis’s post-grant proceedings team:
Boston
Joshua M. Dalton
Century City
Andrew V. Devkar
Chicago
Jason C. White
Houston
C. Erik Hawes
Rick L. Rambo
Philadelphia
Louis W. Beardell, Jr.
San Francisco
Brent A. Hawkins
Silicon Valley
Andrew J. Gray IV
Ahren C. Hsu-Hoffman
Michael J. Lyons
Washington, DC
Jeffrey G. Killian, Ph.D.
Robert Smyth, Ph.D.
[1] 941 F.3d 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2019), cert. granted sub nom. United States v. Arthrex, Inc., et al., No. 19-1434, 2020 WL 6037206 (U.S. Oct. 13, 2020), and cert. granted sub nom. Smith & Nephew, Inc., et al. v. Arthrex, Inc., et al., No. 19-1452, 2020 WL 6037207 (U.S. Oct. 13, 2020), and cert. granted sub nom. Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., et al., No. 19-1458, 2020 WL 6037208 (U.S. Oct. 13, 2020).
[2] Arthrex, 941 F.3d at 1328.
[3] Id. at 1329-1335.
[4] Id.
[5] Id. at 1335.
[6] Id. at 1338-1340.
[7] Id.
[8] Id.
[9] 729 F. App’x 820 (Fed. Cir. 2020).
[10] Id.
[11] Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., 953 F.3d 760, 761 (Fed. Cir. 2020).
[12] Id. at 764.
[13] General Order in Cases Remanded Under Arthrex, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., 941 F.3d 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2019).
[14] Id.
[15] Cert. Pet. No. 19-1434 (June 25, 2020).
[16] Id.
[17] Cert. Pet. No. 19-1452 (June 29, 2020).
[18] Cert. Pet. No. 19-1458 (June 30, 2020).
[19] Cert. Pet. No. 19-1459 (June 30, 2020).
[20] Memorandum of United States, Pet. Nos. 19-1452, 1458, 1459 (July 22, 2020).